THE EVOLUTION OF MAN
Volume II

INDEX

A
Abiogenesis, 26
Accipenser, 234
Abortive ova, 55
Achromatin, 42
Achromin, 42
Acœla, 221
Acoustic nerve, the, 289, 290
Acquired characters, inheritance of, 349
Acrania, the, 182
Acroganglion, the, 268, 275
Adam’s apple, the, 184
Adapida, 257
Adaptation, 3, 5, 27
After-birth, the, 167
Agassiz, L., 34
Age of life, 200
Alimentary canal, evolution of the, 13, 14, 133, 308–17
— — structure of the, 169, 308–10
Allantoic circulation, the, 171
Allantois, development of the, 166
Allmann, 20
Amblystoma, 243
Amitotic cleavage, 40
Ammoconida, 217
Ammolynthus, 217
Amnion, the, 115
— formation of the, 134, 244
Amniotic fluid, the, 134
Amœba, the, 47–9, 210
Amphibia, the, 239
Amphichœrus, 221
Amphigastrula, 80
Amphioxus, the, 105, 181–95
— circulation of the, 184
— cœlomation of the, 95
— embryology of the, 191–95
— structure of the, 183–88
Amphirhina, 230
Anamnia, the, 115
Anatomy, comparative, 208
Animalculists, 12
Animal layer, the, 16
Annelids, the, 142, 219
Annelid theory, the, 142
Anomodontia, 246
Ant, intelligence of the, 353
Anthropithecus, 174, 262
Anthropogeny, 1
Anthropoid apes, the, 166, 173, 262
Anthropology, 1, 35
Anthropozoic period, 203
Antimera, 107
Anura, 243
Anus, the, 317
Anus, formation of the, 139
Aorta, the, 327
— development of the, 170
Ape and man, 157, 164, 261, 307, 351
Ape-man, the, 263
Apes, the, 257–60
Aphanocapsa, 210
Aphanostomum, 221
Appendicaria, 197
Appendix vermiformis, the, 32
Aquatic life, early prevalence of, 235
Ararat, Mount, 24
Archenteron, 64, 74
Archeolithic age, 203
Archicaryon, 55
Archicrania, 230
Archigastrula, 65, 193
Archiprimas, 263
Arctopitheca, 261
Area, the germinative, 121
Aristotle, 9
Arm, structure of the, 306
Arrow-worm, the, 191
Arterial arches, the, 325–26
— cone, the, 324
Arteries, evolution of the, 170, 323–24
Articulates, the, 142, 219
— skeleton of the, 294
Articulation, 141–42
Aryo-Romanic languages, the, 203
Ascidia, the, 181, 188–90
— embryology of the, 196–98
Ascula, 217
Asexual reproduction, 51
Atlas, the, 247
Atrium, the, 183, 185
— (heart), the, 326
Auditory nerve, the, 289, 290
Auricles of the heart, 325
Autolemures, 257
Axolotl, the, 243
B
Bacteria, 38, 210
Baer, K. E. von, 15–17
Balanoglossus, 226
Balfour, F., 21
Batrachia, 241
Bdellostoma Stouti, 78
Bee, generation of the, 9
Beyschlag, W., on evolution, 50
Bilateral symmetry, 66
— — origin of, 221
Bimana, 258
Biogenetic law, the, 2, 21, 23, 179, 349
Biogeny, 2
Bionomy, 33
Bird, evolution of the, 245
— ovum of the, 44–6, 80–1
Bischoff, W., 17
Bladder, evolution of the, 244, 339
Blastæa, the, 206, 213
Blastocœl, the, 62, 74
Blastocrene, the, 99
Blastocystis, the, 62, 119, 120
Blastoderm, the, 62
Blastodermic vesicle, the, 119
Blastoporus, the, 64
Blastosphere, the, 62, 119
Blastula, the, 62, 74
— the mammal, 119
Blood, importance of the, 318
— recent experiments in mixture of, 172
— structure of the, 319
Blood-cells, the, 319
Blood-vessels, the, 318–25
— development of the, 168
— of the vertebrate, 110
— origin of the, 320–21
Boniface VIII, Bull of, 10
Bonnet, 13
Borneo nosed-ape, the, 164
Boveri, Theodor, 185
Brachytarsi, 257
Brain and mind, 278, 354–56
— evolution of the, 8, 275–80
— in the fish, 276
— in the lower animals, 275
— structure of the, 273–74
Branchial arches, evolution of the, 303
— cavity, the, 183, 189
— system, the, 110
Branchiotomes, 149
Breasts, the, 113
Bulbilla, 184
C
Calamichthys, 234
Calcolynthus, 217
Capillaries, the, 323
Caracoideum, the, 249
Carboniferous strata, 202
Carcharodon, 234
Cardiac cavity, the, 170
Cardiocœl, the, 328
Caryobasis, 38, 54
Caryokinesis, 42
Caryolymph, 38, 54
Caryolyses, 42
Caryon, 37
Caryoplasm, 37
Catallacta, 213
Catarrhinæ, the, 173, 261
Catastrophic theory, the, 24
Caudate cells, 53
Cell, life of the, 41–3
— nature of the, 36–7
— size of the, 38
Cell theory, the, 18, 36
Cenogenesis, 4
Cenogenetic structures, 4
Cenozoic period, the, 203
Central body, the, 38, 42
Central nervous system, the, 273
Centrolecithal ova, 68
Centrosoma, the, 38, 42
Ceratodus, the, 76, 237
Cerebellum, the, 274
Cerebral vesicles, evolution of the, 276
Cerebrum, the, 273
Cestracion Japonicus, 75, 79
Chætognatha, 94
Chick, importance of the, in embryology, 11, 16
Child, mind of the, 8, 355
Chimpanzee, the, 174, 262
Chiromys, 257
Chiroptera, 258
Chirotherium, 239
Chondylarthra, 257
Chorda, the, 17, 95, 107, 183
— evolution of the, 296
Chordæa, the, 97
Chordalemma, the, 296
Chordaria, 97
Chordula, the, 3, 96, 191
Choriata, the, 166
Chorion, the, 119
— development of the, 165–6
— frondosum, 255
— læve, 255
Choroid coat, the, 286
Chorology, 33
Chromacea, 209
Chromatin, 42
Chroococcacea, 210
Chroococcus, the, 210
Church, opposition of, to science in Middle Ages, 10
Chyle, 318
Chyle-vessels, 324
Cicatricula, the, 45, 81
Ciliated cells, 53, 193
Cinghalese gynecomast, 114
Circulation in the lancelet, 184
Circulatory system, evolution of the, 321–25
— — structure of the, 318
Classification, 103
— evolutionary value of, 33
Clitoris, the, 345
Cloaca, the, 249, 317
Cnidaria, 217
Coccyx, the, 295
Cochineal insect, the, 354
Cochlea, the, 289
Cœcilia, 241
Cœcum, the, 310, 317
Cœlenterata, 20, 91, 93, 104
Cœlenteria, 221
Cœloma, the, 21, 64, 91
Cœlomæa, the, 98
Cœlomaria, 21, 91, 104, 221
Cœlomation, 93–4
Cœlom-theory, the, 21, 93
Cœlomula, the, 98
Colon, the, 310, 317
Comparative anatomy, 31
Conception, nature of, 51
Conjunctiva, the, 286
Conocyema, 215
Convoluta, 221
Copelata, the, 197
Copulative organs, evolution of the, 344–45
Corium, the, 108, 268
Cornea, the, 286
Corpora cavernosa, the, 345, 346
Corpora quadrigemina, 274
Corpora striata, 274
Corpus callosum, the, 274
Corpus vitreum, the, 285
Corpuscles of the blood, 319
Craniology, 303
Craniota, the, 182, 229
Cranium, the, 299
Creation, 23–4
Cretaceous strata, 202
Crossopterygii, 234
Crustacea, the, 142, 219
Cryptocœla, 221
Cryptorchism, 114
Crystalline lens, the, 285
— — development of the, 287
Cutaneous glands, 268
Cuttlefish, embryology of the, 9
Cuvier, G., 17, 24
Cyanophycea, 209
Cyclostoma, the, 188, 230–32
— ova of the, 75
Cyemaria, 214
Cynopitheca, 262
Cynthia, 191, 196
Cytoblastus, the, 37
Cytodes, 40
Cytoplasm, 37, 38
Cytosoma, 37
Cytula, the, 54
D
Dalton, 15
Darwin, C., 2, 5, 23, 28–9
Darwin, E., 28
Darwinism, 5, 28
Decidua, the, 167
Deciduata, 255
Deduction, nature of, 208
Degeneration theory, the, 219
Dentition of the ape and man, 259
Depula, 62
Descent of Man, 30
Design in organisms, 33
Deutoplasm, 44
Devonian strata, 202
Diaphragm, the, 309
— evolution of the, 328
Dicyema, 215
Dicyemida, 215
Didelphia, 248
Digonopora, 223
Dinosauria, 202
Dipneumones, 238
Dipneusta, 235–38
— ova of the, 75
Dipnoa, 236
Directive bodies, 54
Discoblastic ova, 68
Discoplacenta, 255
Dissatyrus, 174
Dissection, medieval decrees against, 10
Dohrn, Anton, 219
Döllinger, 15
Dorsal furrow, the, 125
— shield, the, 123
— zone, the, 129
Dromatherium, 248
Dualism, 6
Dubois, Eugen, 263
Ductus Botalli, the, 350
Ductus venosus Arantii, 350
Duodenum, the, 309, 317
Duration of embryonic development, 199
— of man’s history, 199
Dysteleology, 32
— proofs of, 349
E
Ear, evolution of the, 288–92
— structure of the, 288
— uselessness of the external, 32
Ear-bones, the, 289
Earth, age of the, 200–201
Echidna hystrix, 249
Ectoblast, 20, 64
Ectoderm, the, 20, 64
Edentata, 250
Efficient causes, 6
Egg of the bird, 44–6, 81
— or the chick, priority of the, 211
Elasmobranchs, the, 79
Embryo, human, development of the, 158
Embryology, 2
— evolutionary value of, 34
Embryonic development, duration of, 199
— disk, the, 121–22
— spot, the, 125
Encephalon, the, 273
Endoblast, 20, 64
Endothelia, 321
Enterocœla, 93, 223
Enteropneusta, 226
Entoderm, the, 20, 64
Eocene strata, 203
Eopitheca, 259
Epiblast, 20, 64
Epidermis, the, 108, 268
Epididymis, the, 342
Epigastrula, 80
Epigenesis, 11, 13
Epiglottis, the, 309
Epiphysis, the, 108
Episoma, 129
Episomites, 130, 194
Epispadia, 346
Epithelia, 37
Epitheria, 243, 253
Epovarium, the, 342
Equilibrium, sense of, 291
Esthonychida, 257
Eustachian tube, the, 289
Eutheria, 253
Eve, 12
Evolution theory, the, 11, 208
— inductive nature of, 30
Eye, evolution of the, 285–88
— structure of the, 285
Eyelid, the third, 32
Eyelids, evolution of the, 288
F
Fabricius ab Aquapendente, 10
Face, embryonic development of the, 284
Fat glands in the skin, 269
Feathers, evolution of, 270
Fertilisation, 51
— place of, 119
Fin, evolution of the, 239, 304
Final causes, 6
Flagellate cells, 193
Floating bladder, the, 233, 241
— — evolution of the, 314
Fœtal circulation, 170–71
Food-yelk, the, 67,
Foot, evolution of the, 241, 304–6
— of the ape and man, 258–59
Fore brain, the, 278
Fore kidneys, the, 336, 337
Fossiliferous strata, list of, 201
Fossils, 180
— scarcity of, 208
Free will, 356
Friedenthal, experiments of, 172
Frog, the, 241–42
— ova of the, 71–2
Frontonia, 224
Function and structure, 7
Furcation of ova, 72
G
Gaertner’s duct, 341, 350
Ganglia, commencement of, 268
Ganglionic cell, the, 39
Ganoids, 233, 234
Gastræa, the, 3, 20, 206
— formation of the, 213
Gastræa theory, the, 20, 64, 69
Gastræads, 69, 214
Gastremaria, 214
Gastrocystis, the, 62, 119, 120
Gastrophysema, 215
Gastrotricha, 224
Gastrula, the, 3, 20, 62
Gastrulation, 62
Gegenbaur, Carl, 220
— on evolution, 32
— on the skull, 300–1
Gemmation, 331
General Morphology, 8, 29
Genesis, 23
Genital pore, the, 335
Geological evolution, length of, 200
— periods, 201
Geology, methods of, 180
— rise of, 24
Germ-plasm, theory of, 349
Germinal disk, 46, 81
— layers, the, 14, 16
— — scheme of the, 92
— spot, the, 44
— vesicle, the, 43, 54
Germinative area, the, 121
Giant gorilla, the, 176
Gibbon, the, 173, 262
Gill-clefts and arches, 110
— formation of the, 151–52, 303
Gill-crate, the, 183, 189
Gills, disappearance of the, 244
Glœocapsa, 210
Gnathostoma, 230, 232
Goethe as an evolutionist, 27, 299
Goitre, 110
Gonads, the, 111
— formation of the, 149–50
Gonidia, 334
Gonochorism, beginning of, 322
Gonoducts, 335
Gonotomes, 146, 149
Goodsir, 189
Gorilla, the, 174, 176, 262
Graafian follicles, the, 17, 119, 347
Gregarinæ, 211
Gullet-ganglion, the, 190
Gut, evolution of the, 310–17
Gyrini, 242
Gynecomastism, 114
H
Hag-fish, the, 188
Hair, evolution of the, 270
— on the human embryo and infant, 271
Hair, restriction of, by sexual selection, 271
Haliphysema, 215
Halisauria, 202
Haller, Albrecht, 12
Halosphæra viridis, 213
Hand, evolution of the, 250, 304–6
— of the ape and man, 258
Hapalidæ, 261
Harderian gland, the, 288
Hare-lip, 284
Harrison, Granville, 161
Hartmann, 262
Harvey, 10
Hatschek, 192
Hatteria, 243, 246
Head-cavity, the, 138
Head-plates, the, 149
Heart, development of the, 7, 10, 111, 151, 170, 322, 324–27
— of the ascidia, 190
— position of the, 327
Helmholtz, 207
Helminthes, 223
Hepatic gut, the, 109, 316
Heredity, nature of, 3, 5, 27, 56–7, 349
Hermaphrodism, 9, 23, 114, 218, 322, 346
Hertwig, 21
Hesperopitheca, 259
His, W., 19
Histogeny, 18, 19
History of Creation, 6, 30
Holoblastic ova, 67, 71, 77
Homœosaurus, 244, 246
Homology of the germinal layers, 20
Hoof, evolution of the, 270
Hunterian ligament, the, 344
Huxleian law, the, 171, 257, 262
Huxley, T. H., 7, 20, 29
Hydra, the, 69, 217
Hydrostatic apparatus in the fish, 315
Hylobates, 173, 262
Hylodes Martinicensis, 241
Hyoid bone, the, 299
Hypermastism, 113
Hyperthelism, 113
Hypoblast, 20, 64
Hypobranchial groove, the, 110, 184, 226, 316
Hypodermis, the, 268
Hypopsodina, 257
Hyposoma, the, 129
Hyposomites, 130, 194
Hypospadia, 346
I
Ichthydina, 224
Ichthyophis glutinosa, 80
Ictopsida, 257
Ileum, the, 310
Immortality, Aristotle on, 10
Immortality of the soul, 58
Impregnation-rise, the, 55
Indecidua, 255
Indo-Germanic languages, 203
Induction and deduction, 31, 208
Inheritance of acquired characters, 349
Insects, intelligence of, 353
Interamniotic cavity, the, 165
Intestines, the, 309, 316–17
Invagination, 62
Iris, the, 286
J
Jacchus, 261
Java, ape-man of, 263, 264
Jaws, evolution of the, 301
Jurassic strata, 202
K
Kant, dualism of, 25
Kelvin, Lord, on the origin of life, 207
Kidneys, the, 111
— formation of the, 150–51, 336–42
Klaatsch, 262
Kölliker, 21
Kowalevsky, 191
L
Labia, the, 346
Labyrinth, the, 290
Lachrymal glands, 269
Lamarck, J., 23, 25–7
— theories of, 26, 349
Lamprey, the, 230
— ova of the, 75
Lancelet, the, 60, 181–95
— description of the, 105
Languages, evolution of, 203
Lanugo of the embryo, 271
Larynx, the, 309
— evolution of the, 314
Latebra, the, 45
Lateral plates, the, 129
Laurentian strata, 201
Lecithoma, the, 117
Leg, evolution of the, 304
— structure of the, 306
Lemuravida, 257
Lemurogona, 257
Lemurs, the, 257
Lepidosiren, 257
Leucocytes, 319
Life, age of, 200
Limbs, evolution of the, 152, 239, 304
Limiting furrow, the, 133
Linin, 42
Liver, the, 309, 317
Long-nosed ape, the, 164
Love, importance of in nature, 332
Lungs, the, 110
— evolution of the, 241, 314–15
Lyell, Sir C., 24
Lymphatic vessels, the, 318
Lymph-cells, the, 319
M
Macrogonidion, 331
Macrospores, 331
Magosphæra planula, 213
Male womb, the, 344, 350
Mallochorion, the, 166
Mallotheria, 257
Malpighian capsules, 339, 341
Mammal, characters of the, 112
— gastrulation of the, 84
Mammals, unity of the, 247–48
Mammary glands, the, 113, 269
Man and the ape, relation of, 262, 351
— origin of, 29
Man’s Place in Nature, 7, 29, 351
Mantle, the, 189
Mantle-folds, the, 185
Marsupials, the, 250–52
— ova of the, 85
Materialism, 356
Mathematical method, the, 30
Mechanical causes, 6
— embryology, 8, 19, 22
Meckel’s cartilage, 304
Medulla capitis, the, 273
— oblongata, the, 274
— spinalis, the, 273
Medullary groove, the, 125
— tube, the, 107, 128
— — formation of the, 131, 133, 227, 267, 276
Mehnert, E., on the biogenetic law, 5
Meroblastic ova, 67, 71, 78
Merocytes, 68, 321
Mesentery, the, 98, 109, 310, 316
Mesocardium, the, 327
Mesoderm, the, 20, 64, 90, 93
Mesogastria, 215
Mesonephridia, the, 338
Mesonephros, the, 336
Mesorchium, the, 344
Mesovarium, the, 344
Mesozoic period, the, 202
Metogaster, the, 64
Metagastrula, the, 67
Metamerism, 142
Metanephridia, the, 341
Metanephros, the, 336
Metaplasm, 39
Metastoma, 64, 222
Metatheria, 248
Metazoa, 20, 62
Metovum, the, 81
Microgonidian, 331
Microspores, 331
Middle ear, the, 291
Migration, effect of, 33
Milk, secretion of the, 269
Mind, evolution of, 353–54
— in the lower animals, 353
Miocene strata, 203
Mitosis, 40, 41
Monera, 40, 206, 209
Monism, 6, 356
Monodelphia, 248
Monogonopora, 223
Monopneumones, 238
Monotremes, 118, 249
— ova of the, 84
Monoxenia Darwinii, 60
Morea, the, 212
Morphology, 2, 27
Morula, the, 62, 212
Motor-germinative layer, the, 19
Mouth, development of the, 124, 139
— structure of the, 308
Mucous layer, the, 16
Müllerian duct, the, 341
Muscle-layer, the, 16
Muscles, evolution of the, 307
— of the ear, rudimentary, 292
Myotomes, 108, 146
Myxinoides, the, 188, 230
N
Nails, evolution of the, 270
Nasal pits, 284
Natural philosophy, 25
— selection, 26, 28, 349
Navel, the, 117, 134
Necrolemurs, 257
Nectocystis, the, 314
Nemertina, 224–26
Nephroduct, evolution of the, 338–39
Nephrotomes, 149, 338
Nerve-cell, the, 39
Nerves, animals without, 267
Nervous system, evolution of the, 7, 267
Neurenteric canal, the, 127
Nictitating membrane, the, 32, 286, 288
Nose, the, in man and the ape, 164
— development of the, 282–85
— structure of the, 283
Notochorda, the, 107
Nuclein, 37
Nucleolinus, 44
Nucleolus, the, 38, 44, 54
Nucleus of the cell, 37
O
Œsophagus, the, 309, 316
Oken, 5, 27, 300
Oken’s bodies, 339
Oligocene strata, 203
Olynthus, 217
On the generation of animals, 9
Ontogeny, 2, 23
— defective evidence of, 208
Opaque area, the, 122
Opossum, the, 252
— ova of the, 85
Optic nerve, the, 287
Optic thalami, 274
— vesicles, 286
Orang, the, 174, 262
Ornithodelphia, 248
Ornithorhyncus, 85, 249
Ornithostoma, 249
Ossicles of the ear, 289
Otoliths, 289
Ova, number of, 347
— of the lancelet, 192
Ovaries, evolution of the, 333–34
Oviduct, origin of the, 335, 342
Ovolemma, the, 44
Ovulists, 12
Ovum, discovery of the, 16
— nature of the, 40,
— size of the, 44
P
Pachylemurs, the, 257
Pacinian corpuscles, 282
Paleontology, 2
— evolutionary evidence of, 31
— incompleteness of, 208
— rise of, 24
Paleozoic age, the, 202
Palingenesis, 4
Palingenetic structures, 4
Palæhatteria, 244, 246
Panniculus carnosus, the, 350
Paradidymis, the, 342
Parietal zone, the, 129
Parthenogenesis, 9, 13
Pastrana, Miss Julia, 164
Pedimana, 252
Pellucid area, the, 122
Pelvic cavity, the, 138
Pemmatodiscus gastrulaceus, 215
Penis-bone, the, 346
Penis, varieties of the, 345
Peramelida, 254
Periblastic ova, 68
Peribranchial cavity, the, 185, 190
Pericardial cavity, the, 328
Perichorda, the, 108, 183
— formation of the, 136
Perigastrula, 89
Permian strata, 202
Petromyzontes, the, 188, 230
Phagocytes, 49, 320
Pharyngeal ganglion, the, 275
Pharynx, the, 309
Philology, comparison with, 203
Philosophie Zoologique, 25
Philosophy and evolution, 6
Phycochromacea, 209
Phylogeny, 2, 23
Physemaria, 214
Physiology, backwardness of, 7
Phytomonera, 209
Pineal eye, the, 108
Pinna, the, 291
Pithecanthropus, 263, 264
Pithecometra-principle, the, 171
Placenta, the, 166, 253–54
Placentals, the, 166
— characters of the, 253
— gastrulation of the, 86
Planocytes, 49, 320
Plant-louse, parthenogenesis of the, 13
Planula, the, 89
Plasma-products, 38, 39
Plasson, 40, 59
Plastids, 36, 40, 209
Plastidules, 59
Platodaria, 221
Platodes, the, 221
Platyrrhinæ, 261
Pleuracanthida, 234
Pleural ducts, 328
Pliocene strata, 203
Polar cells, 54
Polyspermism, 58
Preformation theory, the, 11
Primary period, the, 202
Primates, the, 157, 257–60
Primatoid, 263
Primitive groove, the, 69, 82, 124, 125
— gut, the, 20, 63, 214
— kidneys, the, 111, 337
— mouth, the, 20, 63
— segments, 143
— streak, the, 100, 122
— vertebræ, 144, 195, 206, 229
Primordial period, the, 201
Prochordata, 192
Prochordonia, the, 192, 218
Prochoriata, 253
Prochorion, the, 44, 119
Proctodæum, the, 345
Procytella primordialis, 210
Prodidelphia, 256
Progaster, the, 20, 63
Progonidia, 333
Promammalia, 247
Pronephridia, the, 151
Pronucleus femininus, 54
— masculinus, 54
Properistoma, 69
Prorenal canals of the lancelet, 186
— duct, the, 132, 139, 186
— — evolution of the, 338
Proselachii, 234
Prosimiæ, the, 257
Prospermaria, 333
Prospondylus, 105, 229
Prostoma, 20, 63, 222
Protamniotes, 243–44
Protamœba, 210
Proterosaurus, the, 202, 244
Protists, 36, 38
Protonephros, 111, 336
Protophyta, 210
Protoplasm, 37, 209
Protopterus, 238
Prototheria, 248
Protovertebræ, 142, 144
Protozoa, 20, 210
Provertebral cavity, the, 148
— plates, the, 136, 144
Pseudocœla, 93, 221
Pseudopodia, 48
Pseudova, 13
Psychic life, evolution of the, 8
Psychology, 8
Pterosauria, 202
Pylorus, the, 309
Q
Quadratum, the, 247
Quadrumana, 258
Quaternary period, 203
R
Rabbit, ova of the, 86–7
Radiates, the, 103
Rathke’s canals, 341
Rectum, the, 317
Regner de Graaf, 119
Renal system, evolution of the, 335–42
Reproduction, nature of, 330–31
Reptiles, 245–47
Respiratory organs, evolution of the, 314–15
— pore, the, 183, 189
Retina, the, 286
Rhabdocœla, 222
Rhodocytes, 319
Rhopalura, 215
Rhyncocephala, 243
Ribs, the, 295
— number of the, 353
Rudimentary ear-muscles, 292
— organs, 32
— — list of, 349–50
— toes, 306
S
Sacculus, the, 289
Sagitta, 65, 66, 191
— cœlomation of, 93
Salamander, the, 241
— ova of the, 74
Sandal-shape of embryo, 128–29
Satyrus, 174, 262
Sauromammalia, 246
Sauropsida, 245
Scatulation theory, the, 12
Schizomycetes, 210
Schleiden, M., 18, 36
Schwann, T., 18, 36
Sclerotic coat, the, 286
Sclerotomes, 108, 143, 148
Scrotum, the, 344
Scyllium, nose of the, 283
Sea-squirt, the, 181, 188–90
Secondary period, the, 202
Segmentation, 60, 141–42
Segmentation-cells, 54
Segmentation-sphere, the, 17
Selachii, 223
— skull of the, 301
Selection, theory of, 28
Selenka, 166, 168
Semnopitheci, 262
Sense-organs, evolution of the, 151, 280
— number of the, 281
— origin of the, 281
Sensory nerves, 279
Serocœlom, the, 165
Serous layer, the, 16
Sex-organs, early vertebrate form of the, 111
— evolution of the, 333
Sexual reproduction, simplest forms of, 331
— selection, 30, 271–72
Shark, the, 233
— nose of the, 283
— ova of the, 75
— placenta of the, 9
— skull of the, 301
Shoulder-blade, the, 306
Sickle-groove, the, 82, 121
Sieve-membrane, the, 167
Silurian strata, 202
Simiæ, the, 257–60
Siphonophoræ, embryology of the, 21
Skeleton, structure of the, 294
Skeleton-plate, the, 148
Skin, the, 151
— evolution of, 266–69
— function of the, 269
Skin-layer, the, 16
Skull, evolution of the, 149, 299–303
— structure of the, 299
— vertebral theory of the, 300
Smell, the sense of, 282
Soul, evolution of the, 353–56
— nature of the, 58, 356
— phylogeny of the, 8
— seat of the, 278
Sound, sensations of, 289–90
Sozobranchia, 242
Space, sense of, 291
Species, nature of the, 23, 34
Speech, evolution of, 264
Spermaducts, 335, 342
Spermaries, evolution of the, 333–34
Spermatozoon, the, 52–3
— discovery of the, 12, 53
Spinal cord, development of the, 8
— structure of the, 273
Spirema, the, 42
Spiritualism, 356
Spleen, the, 318
Spondyli, 142
Sponges, classification of the, 34
— ova of the, 49
Spontaneous generation, 26, 206
Stegocephala, 239
Stem-cell, the, 54
Stem-zone, the, 129
Stomach, evolution of the, 311–14, 316
— structure of the human, 309
Strata, thickness of, 200–201
Struggle for life, the, 28
Subcutis, the, 268
Sweat glands, 269
T
Tactile corpuscles, 268, 282
Tadpole, the, 242
Tail, evolution of the, 242–43
— rudimentary, in man, 159, 295, 350
Tailed men, 160–61
Taste, the sense of, 282
Teeth, evolution of the, 314
— of the ape and man, 259
Teleostei, 234
Telolecithal ova, 67, 68
Temperature, sense of, 282
Terrestrial life, beginning of, 235
Tertiary period, the, 203
Theoria generationis, the, 13
Theories, value of, 181
Theromorpha, 246
Third eyelid, the, 286, 288
Thyroid gland, the, 110, 184, 315
Time-variations in ontogeny, 5
Tissues, primary and secondary, 37
Toad, the, 241
Tocosauria, 246
Toes, number of the, 240
Tori genitales, the, 346
Touch, the sense of, 282
Tracheata, 142, 219
Tread, the, 45, 81
Tree-frog, the, 241
Triassic strata, 202
Triton tæniatus, 74
Troglodytes, 174
Tunicates, the, 189
Turbellaria, 222
Turbinated bones, the, 283
Tympanic cavity, the, 288
U
Umbilical, cord, the, 117
— vesicle, the, 138
Unicellular ancestor of all animals, 47
— animals, 38, 47
Urachus, the, 317, 341
Urinary system, evolution of the, 335–42
Urogenital ducts, 335
Uterus masculinus, the, 344, 350
Utriculus, the, 289
V
Vasa deferentia, 335
Vascular layer, the, 16, 168
— system, evolution of the, 321–25
— — structure of the, 318
Vegetative layer, the, 16
Veins, evolution of the, 323–24
Ventral pedicle, the, 166
Ventricles of the heart, 325
Vermalia, 220, 223
Vermiform appendage, the, 32, 310, 317
Vertebræ, 142, 294
Vertebræa, 105
Vertebral arch, the, 148, 295
— column, the, 144
— — evolution of the, 296
— — structure of the, 294
Vertebrates, character of the, 104–10
— descent of the, 219–20
Vertebration, 142
Vesico-umbilical ligament, the, 341
Vesicula prostatica, the, 344, 350
Villi of the chorion, 165
Virchow, R., 35
— on the ape-man, 303
— on the evolution of man, 264
Virgin-birth, 9, 13
Vitalism, 6
Vitelline duct, the, 138
Volvocina, 213
W
Wallace, A. R., 29
Water, organic importance of, 200
Water vessels, 336
Weismann’s theories, 349
Wolff, C. F., 13
Wolffian bodies, 339
Wolffian duct, the, 341
Womb, evolution of the, 342–43
Y
Yelk, the, 43, 45, 67
Yelk-sac, the, 117, 134
Z
Zona pellucida, the, 44
Zonoplacenta, 255
Zoomonera, 209
Zoophytes, 20, 64, 104

Title and Contents
Vol. II Title and Contents
Glossary
Chapter XXIX
Figs. 1–209
Figs. 210–408