# THE EVOLUTION OF MAN

A POPULAR SCIENTIFIC STUDY

## by
ERNST HAECKEL

Volume II
HUMAN STEM-HISTORY, OR PHYLOGENY

Translated from the Fifth (enlarged) Edition by Joseph McCabe
[Issued for the Rationalist Press Association, Limited]
WATTS & CO.
17 Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.
1912

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
INDEX

Chapter XVI. STRUCTURE OF THE LANCELET AND THE SEA-SQUIRT
Chapter XVII. EMBRYOLOGY OF THE LANCELET AND THE SEA-SQUIRT
Chapter XVIII. DURATION OF THE HISTORY OF OUR STEM
Chapter XIX. OUR PROTIST ANCESTORS
Chapter XX. OUR WORM-LIKE ANCESTORS
Chapter XXI. OUR FISH-LIKE ANCESTORS
Chapter XXII. OUR FIVE-TOED ANCESTORS
Chapter XXIII. OUR APE ANCESTORS
Chapter XXIV. EVOLUTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Chapter XXV. EVOLUTION OF THE SENSE-ORGANS
Chapter XXVI. EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANS OF MOVEMENT
Chapter XXVII. EVOLUTION OF THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM
Chapter XXVIII. EVOLUTION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM
Chapter XXIX. EVOLUTION OF THE SEXUAL ORGANS
Chapter XXX. RESULTS OF ANTHROPOGENY

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 210. The lancelet
Fig. 211. Section of the head of the lancelet
Fig. 212. Section of an amphioxus-larva
Fig. 213. Diagram of preceding
Fig. 214. Section of a young amphioxus
Fig. 215. Diagram of a young amphioxus
Fig. 216. Transverse section of lancelet
Fig. 217. Section through the middle of the lancelet
Fig. 218. Section of a primitive-fish embryo
Fig. 219. Section of the head of the lancelet
Figs. 220. Organisation of an ascidia
Figs. 221. Organisation of an ascidia
Figs. 222–224. Sections of young amphioxus-larvæ
Fig. 225. An appendicaria
Fig. 226. Chroococcus minor
Fig. 227. Aphanocapsa primordialis
Fig. 228. Protamœba
Fig. 229. Original ovum-cleavage
Fig. 230. Morula
Figs. 231–232. Magosphæra planula
Fig. 233. Modern gastræads
Figs. 234–235. Prophysema primordiale
Figs. 236–237. Ascula of gastrophysema
Fig. 238. Olynthus
Fig. 239. Aphanostomum langii
Figs. 240–241. A turbellarian
Figs. 242–243. Chætonotus
Fig. 244. A nemertine worm
Fig. 245. An enteropneust
Fig. 246. Section of the branchial gut
Fig. 247. The marine lamprey
Fig. 248. Fossil primitive fish
Fig. 249. Embryo of a shark
Fig. 250. Man-eating shark
Fig. 251. Fossil angel-shark
Fig. 252. Tooth of a gigantic shark
Figs. 253–255. Crossopterygii
Fig. 256. Fossil dipneust
Fig. 257. The Australian dipneust
Figs. 258–259. Young ceratodus
Fig. 260. Fossil amphibian
Fig. 261. Larva of the spotted salamander
Fig. 262. Larva of common frog
Fig. 263. Fossil mailed amphibian
Fig. 264. The new zealand lizard
Fig. 265. Homœosaurus pulchellus
Fig. 266. Skull of a permian lizard
Fig. 267. Skull of a theromorphum
Fig. 268. Lower jaw of a primitive mammal
Figs. 269–270. The ornithorhyncus
Fig. 271. Lower jaw of a promammal
Fig. 272. The crab-eating opossum
Fig. 273. Fœtal membranes of the human embryo
Fig. 274. Skull of a fossil lemur
Fig. 275. The slender lori
Fig. 276. The white-nosed ape
Fig. 277. The drill-baboon
Figs. 278–282. Skeletons of man and the anthropoid apes
Fig. 283. Skull of the java ape-man
Fig. 284. Section of the human skin
Fig. 285. Epidermic cells
Fig. 286. Rudimentary lachrymal glands
Fig. 287. The female breast
Fig. 288. Mammary gland of a new-born infant
Fig. 289. Embryo of a bear
Fig. 290. Human embryo
Fig. 291. Central marrow of a human embryo
Figs. 292–293. The human brain
Figs. 294–296. Central marrow of human embryo
Fig. 297. Head of a chick embryo
Fig. 298. Brain of three craniote embryos
Fig. 299. Brain of a shark
Fig. 300. Brain and spinal cord of a frog
Fig. 301. Brain of an ox-embryo
Fig. 302. Brain of a human embryo
Fig. 303. Brain of a human embryo
Fig. 304. Brain of the rabbit
Fig. 305. Bead of a shark
Figs. 306–310. Heads of chick-embryos
Fig. 311. Section of mouth of human embryo
Fig. 312. Diagram of mouth-nose cavity
Figs. 313–314. Heads of human embryo
Figs. 315–316. Face of human embryo
Fig. 317. The human eye
Fig. 318. Eye of the chick embryo
Fig. 319. Section of eye of a human embryo
Fig. 320. The human ear
Fig. 321. The bony labyrinth
Fig. 322. Development of the labyrinth
Fig. 323. Primitive skull of human embryo
Fig. 324. Rudimentary muscles of the ear
Figs. 325–326. The human skeleton
Fig. 327. The human vertebral column
Fig. 328. Piece of the dorsal cord
Figs. 329–330. Dorsal vertebræ
Fig. 331. Intervertebral disk
Fig. 332. Human skull
Fig. 333. Skull of new-born child
Fig. 334. Head-skeleton of a primitive fish
Fig. 335. Skulls of nine primates
Figs. 336–338. Evolution of the fin
Fig. 339. Skeleton of the fore-leg of an amphibian
Fig. 340. Skeleton of gorilla's hand
Fig. 341. Skeleton of human hand
Fig. 342. Skeleton of hand of six mammals
Figs. 343–345. Arm and hand of three anthropoids
Fig. 346. Section of fish's tail
Fig. 347. Human skeleton
Fig. 348. Skeleton of the giant gorilla
Fig. 349. The human stomach
Fig. 350. Section of the head of a rabbit-embryo
Fig. 351. Shark's teeth
Fig. 352. Gut of a human embryo
Figs. 353–354. Gut of a dog embryo
Figs. 355–356. Sections of head of lamprey
Fig. 357. Viscera of a human embryo
Fig. 358. Red blood-cells
Fig. 359. Vascular tissue
Fig. 360. Section of trunk of a chick-embryo
Fig. 361. Merocytes
Fig. 362. Vascular system of an annelid
Fig. 363. Head of a fish-embryo
Figs. 364–366. The five arterial arches
Figs. 367–370. The five arterial arches
Figs. 371–372. Heart of a rabbit-embryo
Figs. 373–374. Heart of a dog-embryo
Figs. 375–377. Heart of a human embryo
Fig. 378. Heart of adult man
Fig. 379. Section of head of a chick-embryo
Fig. 380. Section of a human embryo
Figs. 381–382. Sections of a chick-embryo
Fig. 383. Embryos of sagitta
Fig. 384. Kidneys of bdellostoma
Fig. 385. Section of embryonic shield
Figs. 386–387. Primitive kidneys
Fig. 388. Pig-embryo
Fig. 389. Human embryo
Figs. 390–392. Rudimentary kidneys and sexual organs
Figs. 393–394. Urinary and sexual organs of salamander
Fig. 395. Primitive kidneys of human embryo
Figs. 396–398. Urinary organs of ox-embryos
Fig. 399. Sexual organs of water-mole
Figs. 400–401. Original position of sexual glands
Fig. 402. Urogenital system of human embryo
Fig. 403. Section of ovary
Figs. 404–406. Graafian follicles
Fig. 407. A ripe graafian follicle
Fig. 408. The human ovum

Glossary
Chapter XV